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Colonial India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The East Indiaman Repulse (1820) | |
| Colonial India | |
|---|---|
| Portuguese India | 1510–1961 |
| Dutch India | 1605–1825 |
| Danish India | 1620–1869 |
| French India | 1759–1954 |
| British India 1613–1947 | |
| East India Company | 1612–1757 |
| Company rule in India | 1757–1857 |
| British Raj | 1858–1947 |
| British rule in Burma | 1824–1867 |
| Princely states | 1765–1947 |
| Partition of India | |
| v · d · e | |
Colonial India refers to areas of the Indian Subcontinent and Maharajahs under the influence of European colonial powers through trade and conquest. The first European power to arrive in India was the army of Alexander the Great in 327-326 BC. The satraps he established in the northwest quickly crumbled after he left. Later, trade was carried between Indian states and the Roman Empire by Graeco-Roman and Egyptian sailors that reached India by sailing on the Red and Arabian Seas. The spice trade between India and Europe was one of the main drivers of the world economy and the main catalyst for the Age of Discovery.
The search for the wealth and prosperity of India led to the accidental discovery of Americas by Christopher Columbus. However, it was at the end of the 15th century that the Portuguese sailor, Vasco da Gama, became the first European to re-establish direct trade links since Roman times, by being the first to arrive by circumnavigating Africa. Having arrived in Calicut, which by then was one of the major trading ports of the eastern world, he obtained permission by Mānavikraman Raja to trade in the city from Saamoothiri Rajah.
Trading rivalries brought other European powers to India. Dutch, British, French and Danes established trading posts in India in the early 17th century. As the Mughal Empire disintegrated in the early 18th century and then the Maratha Empire became weakened after the third battle of Panipat, the unstable Indian states that emerged were increasingly manipulated by the Europeans through dependent "friendly" Indian rulers.
The second half of the 18th century saw the British and French enter into intense struggles for dominance through proxy Indian rulers and by direct military intervention. The defeat of the redoubtable Indian ruler, Tipu Sultan, in 1799, marginalized French influence. This was followed by a rapid expansion of British power through the greater part of the subcontinent in the early 19th century. By the middle of the century, the British had already gained direct or indirect control over almost all of India. It was the most populous and valuable colony of the British Empire, and thus became known as "the jewel in the British crown".
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In May 1498 the Portuguese sailor, Vasco da Gama, was the first European navigator to reach India by circumnavigating Africa. Havi
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